Needle-free jet injection systems (NFJISs) have been proposed as alternatives for the conventional hypodermic injection systems. This underlines the necessity of an alternative efficient drug delivery system that can overcome these critical limitations. Approximately 11.5 to 66 million adults in the United States suffer from needle phobia, and nearly 10% of the population of the United Kingdom resisted the COVID-19 vaccine because of this phobia. To date, needle phobia has remained one of the most important challenges for the mass immunization campaigns organized by the governments of different countries for their citizens. As the world became heavily dependent on hypodermic needle-based injection systems that were used in mass vaccination campaigns to eradicate the pandemic, crucial limitations of these systems like needle phobia and biowaste became apparent. They played a crucial role in the vaccination procedure for COVID-19 and stressed the dependency of humans on a targeted drug delivery system for their survival. Since the invention of hypodermic needle syringes, injection into dermal compartments has been widely employed for administering liquid-based vaccines, drugs, or other therapeutic agents into the human body. The reported technique can be instrumental for understanding the injection mechanism and for the development of an efficient transdermal NFJI system as well. Crucial information on the dynamic interaction of the injected liquid jet with the ex vivo skin tissue layers and their interfaces could be obtained. The optimal imaging conditions obtained by considering the optical properties of the developed system and mechanical properties of the cleared ex vivo samples are presented. MethodsĪ near-infrared imaging technique that utilizes the optical absorption and fluorescence emission of indocyanine green dye, coupled with a tissue clearing technique, was developed for visualizing a NFJI in an ex vivo porcine skin tissue. However, these media are poor substitutes for real skin tissue, and the need for an imaging technique having ex vivo or in vivo imaging capability has been echoed in the previous reports. Previous studies on injected fluid–tissue interaction dynamics were conducted using in vitro media with a stiffness similar to that of skin tissue. However, the presently available imaging techniques for skin tissue visualization fail to achieve these required spatial and temporal resolutions. A conventional needle-free injection system may inject the fluids within a few milliseconds and may need a temporal resolution in the microsecond range for obtaining the required images. Primarily, the lack of a suitable visualization technique that could capture the dynamics of the injected fluid–tissue interaction with a microsecond range temporal resolution has emerged as a main limitation. However, a scarce understanding of their underlying mechanisms has been a major deterrent to the development of an efficient system. Needle-free jet injection (NFJI) systems enable a controlled and targeted delivery of drugs into skin tissue.
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